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| #64 Poster Session - EAB |
| Thursday, November 29, 2001 |
| 5:00 PM–6:30 PM |
| Truss Pavilion |
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| 1. Choice under Uncertainty: The Certainty effect observed in Japanese and Indonesian Students |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| TAKAYUKI SAKAGAMI (Keio University), Taku Ishii (Keio University), Thomas D. Hastjarjo (Gadjah Mada University) |
| Abstract: Twenty-six Japanese and 24 Indonesian students were requested to respond to a computer display on a Web page containing two differently colored choice alternatives. The students were required to choose one of the alternatives in order to earn points exchangeable for money at the end of the experiment. Points could either be earned (Gain trials) or lost (Loss trials). In Phase one (P1), a riskless alternative produced 20 points (gain or loss) with probability 0.90, while a risky alternative produced 36 points (gain or loss) with probability 0.50. In Phase two (P2), the points were doubled and the probabilities halved (i.e. 40 points with probability 0.45 versus 72 points with probability 0.25). Subjects experienced two times each phase, totaling 400 Gain and 400 Loss trials. In P1 compared to P2, 21 Japanese and 17 Indonesian students had more riskless choices in Gain trials, whereas 17 Japanese and 16 Indonesian students had more risky choices in Loss trials. The group data also showed the certainty effect. Moreover the Indonesian students had more riskless choices than the Japanese students, which can in part be explained by the different sensitivities to the exchange rate of money in the two countries. |
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| 2. Cocaine Tolerance using an Automaintenance Procedure |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| MICHELLE L. MILLER (University of Florida), Marc N. Branch (University of Florida) |
| Abstract: Six White Carneaux pigeons were exposed to an automaintenance procedure wherein access to grain was delivered independent of responses to an illuminated key. This procedure successfully established keypecking and, once response rates stabilized, a range of doses of cocaine (0.3-10.0 mg/kg) was administered. The dose that increased rates of responding relative to control rates was subsequently administered prior to each session. An attenuation to the rate-increasing effect was observed. This procedure allowed for assessment of the development of tolerance to the effects of cocaine and may provide a useful strategy to analyze the conditions under which tolerance develops. |
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| 3. Corporal Expression and Creativity. Its Social and Empirical Validation |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| VERONICA MARIN (Universidad Central de Venezuela), Hanna Rattia (Universidad Central de Venezuela) |
| Abstract: This investigation had as objective: the Social Validation of the definition aspects of the Creative Conduct in the Corporal Expression Activity and, the evaluation of the effect of an intervention package on this conduct. In the first stage participated seven personalities of the artistic means, who acted as sworn in the establishment of the criteria that employs the society to evaluate a Corporal Expression activity, as creative. The analysis of the results permitted to illustrate the criteria existence related to the qualification of the corporal expression as creative. In the second stage, participated six preschoolers’ children between three and six years old. The employed design was a A-B with follow-up, with initial and final measures of the dependent variable. The dependent variable was the Creative Conduct, measured through Fluency and Originality. The independent variable consisted of an intervention package composed by various behaviorism techniques. The subjects were trained in the Fluency factor; there were taken measures of the Originality factor to study the generalization between factors. The results evidenced that the execution of the subjects was affected positively by the application of the intervention package, since increased their punctuation in the Fluency factor. It was found that the Originality factor was increasing with the Fluency factor, confirming the Generalization |
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| 4. Deterministic Variability in Fixed-Interval Schedules |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| MARK S. HOYERT (Indiana University Northwest) |
| Abstract: One of the classic problems in behavior analysis involves the examination of moment to moment variability in Fixed-Interval schedules of reinforcement. Some researchers have suggested that this variability is the product of a system of interacting variables. Other researchers have suggested that the variability is the result of stochastic inputs. Similar questions have been addressed recently by researchers in nonlinear dynamics. A number of techniques have been developed that are useful in distinguishing between stochastic and deterministic system. None of the procedures is sufficient to provide proof of the underlying character of the system, but a series of analyses used simultaneously may provide convincing multiple converging evidence. In this paper, I explored the utility of three methods: a) estimation of the correlation dimension, b) calculation of the fractal dimension, and c) attractor reconstruction for examining three types of data. a) Empirical data collected from four pigeons responding to a Fixed-Interval 20 s schedule of reinforcement. b) Theoretical data generated from a system of deterministic equations that model Fixed-Interval performance. c) Theoretical data generated to produce random performance. The techniques were able to identify correctly identify theoretically generated stochastic and deterministic output. They suggest that pigeon performance is |
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| 5. Discounting of Hypothetical Shared Rewards: Does Discounting Rate Reflect the Degree of Selfishness? |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| DAISUKE SAEKI (JSPS Research Fellow), Masato Ito (Osaka City University) |
| Abstract: Discounting of shared rewards were examined by questionnaires in which Japanese college students (N=530) were asked to make a series of hypothetical choices between 130,000 yen with sharing and unshared money of variable amount (varied from 130 yen to 130,000 yen). Two groups of different sharing conditions were used (Family and Stranger). In addition, subjects were required to choose to keep 100,000 yen for themselves or share it with other people in social dilemma questionnaire. As a result, the discounting of shared rewards was well described by a hyperbolic function, and the median discounting rate (s) obtained from the Family condition (s=1.29) was significantly lower than that obtained from the Stranger condition (s=1.75). Furthermore, the median discounting rate obtained from the subjects who chose to keep the money in the social dilemma questionnaire (s=1.71) was significantly higher than that obtained from the subjects who chose to share it (s=1.34). These results suggest that the discounting rate obtained from a hyperbolic function reflects the degree of selfishness. |
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| 6. Dynamics Of Adaptation Of Preferences In Multiple Schedules |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| OSCAR ZAMORA-AREVALO (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico), Arturo R. Bouzas (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico), Ruben Gonzalez-Olvera (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) |
| Abstract: We studied eight pigeons in two similar experiments described below which to have the purpose of to analyze the behavioral adjustment to transition in multiple schedules of reinforcement successive choice.
The general procedure of this study was similar in the used by Mazur (1992, 1995 & 1996) with concurrent schedules. In Experiment 1, eight pigeons were exposed to five different conditions of training. During three days the keypecking responses was reinforced according to a variable ratio schedule (VR) for both components. Training sessions were followed by two sessions of transition, where the responses were reinforced according to two different variable ratio schedules (VRx VRy) for every component. Every condition repeats four times. In Experiment 2, eight different pigeons also were exposed to the identical five different conditions of training and transition except that an alternate component (VI 30”) was included and the number session of transition was four. The components of the multiple schedules alternated each 60-sec. and the experimental sessions finished by time (30 min.) or 80 reinforces for Experiment 2.
The means of relative response rate are exposed and discussed along transition sessions and were analyzed as the main behavioral adjustment index for each experimental condition. |
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| 7. Effects of Positive and Negative Reinforcement upon Avoidance Behavior in Human |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| SAKURA YOSHIHARA (Keio University), Kaname Mochizuki (National Institute of Multimedia Education) |
| Abstract: The difference of the effect of positive and negative reinforcement on concurrent avoidance behavior was explored in 7 male and 1 female undergraduates. Participants pushed a button to get monetary points on a schedule of mixed VI EXT in the positive reinforcement. In the negative reinforcement, they could postpone periodic reduction of monetary points on the same schedule. Concurrently, they could escape or avoid a loud noise by striking the wooden plate with a hammer on Sidman avoidance schedule. The frequency and the magnitude of avoidance and escape response were measured. In the negative reinforcement, 3 of 8 participants showed a larger number of avoidance and escape responses than in the positive reinforcement. 2 participants showed stronger responses in the negative reinforcement than in the positive one. There was no difference between VI and EXT on measure of frequency and magnitude of avoidance responses. The increase of avoidance and escape responses under the negative reinforcement schedule indicates the emotional side effect of negative reinforcement. |
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| 8. Effects of Prior Experience on Free Choice Preference |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| KOICHI ONO (Komazawa University) |
| Abstract: Preferences in pigeons for free choice over forced choice after three different baseline histories were compared in multiple concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement. Three groups of pigeons were first exposed to baseline condition and shifted to free (two keys) and forced choice (single keys) condition. There were three baseline conditions. In the first baseline condition, pigeons were engaged in choice between two single-key alternatives after choice between two two-key alternatives. In the second baseline condition, pigeons were engaged in choice between two two-key alternatives after choice between two shingle-key alternatives. In the third baseline condition, pigeons were engaged in alternating condition of single-key alternatives and two-key alternatives in each session. Results showed that when the condition was shifted to free and forced choice condition, pigeons preferred for the alternatives of the latter half of the baseline condition. For example, if pigeons experienced two-key condition in the latter half of the baseline, then pigeons preferred for free choice (two-key alternatives) over forced choice (single-key alternatives). |
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| 9. Effects of Self-Monitoring through Videotape Feedback on Social Behaviors for Socially Isolated Children at School |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| Jeongil Kim (Taegu University), MYONG-HEE YANG (Taegu University) |
| Abstract: The investigation examined the effects of self-monitoring through videotape feedback on social behaviors for socially isolated children at school. Three elementary school children, who were reported as being socially isolated at school by their teachers and their peers, participated in the study. The children’s behaviors during playtime were recorded on videotape and the children were asked to self-monitor their own behaviors on a video. Their social behaviors were collected in three settings: classroom, hallway, and playground. A time-lagged AB design across subjects was used. The study had three conditions: one was a condition where children were asked to self-monitor their own social behaviors during free playtime on a video. Second, the children self-monitored their own social behaviors on a video during structured playtime under the supervision of the teacher. The data was collected by two observers. The observers measured the percentage of occurrence of the children’s social behaviors in a 20-minute observation session, once per day, using a partial interval time sampling recording system. To assess reliability of the data, interobserver agreement was calculated, and they were 89% for occurrence/ nonoccurrence of the social behaviors. The results of this study showed that the intervention increased the children’s positive social interaction with their peers and decreased negative interaction. Second, three children maintained the increased positive social interaction and the decreased negative interaction in a non-intervention condition, the maintenance condition, when the intervention was withdrawn for a month. This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project in 2001. |
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| 10. Energy Budget vs. Temporal Discount as Determinants of Preference in Risky Choice |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| VLADIMIR ORDUNA (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico), Arturo R. Bouzas (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) |
| Abstract: Several studies have found that rats and pigeons prefer a variable schedule of reinforcement over a fixed one with the same mean value, with the energy budget playing no role in such preference, contrary to the predictions of the energy budget rule. The experiment reported contrasts this prediction with that of a temporal discount model of choice. The successive encounters procedure was used, which allows to decrement the energy budget in two different ways. Lengthening either, the search or the handling phase decreases the energy budget and therefore, according to the energy budget rule should increase the preference for the variable delay. For a temporal discount model the first manipulation should provoke a tendency to indifference, while the second should provoke more extreme preferences. These predictions were tested using pigeons as subjects and the results support models based on temporal discount. |
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| 11. Hypertextual Training and Metaphorical Skills: Experimental an Applied Analysis in Education |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| SILVIA PERINI (Università di Parma), Dolores Rollo (Università di Parma) |
| Abstract: Moving from a brief theoretical analysis of developmental literature about metaphorical comprehension and production, the study emphasized the main effect of experimental task specific features on metaphorical skills. 64 subjects, aged 8 years, were submitted to two different experimental conditions: the experimental group was trained with hypertextual task and the control group with visual tasks. The main hypothesis was that the first one would be more efficient in improving the metaphorical skills than the second one. The AN.O.Va on the performances pre and post training, tested by Kogna's MTT, shows that really the experimental group obtained a significant improvement of its metaphorical |
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| 12. Predicting Relational Responding in 2-choice Matching to Sample |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| GRAYSON OSBORNE (Utah State University), John C. Heath (Utah State University) |
| Abstract: College students both judged the relational strengths of 80 pairs of operationally defined pictures, and matched to sample 120 stimulus arrays composed of the same pictures with common samples, grouped into six trial types: A(AB), A(AC), A(AD), A(BC), A(BD), and A(CD). Mean (judged) relational strengths of each stimulus pair predicted comparison selection in the matching-to-sample trial types with 90 percent accuracy. Judging relational strengths first increased the predictability of comparison selection. |
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| 13. Punishment, Stimulus Control, and Generalization Among Humans and Nonhumans |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| DEAN C. WILLIAMS (University of Kansas), Jennifer M. O'Donnell (University of Kansas), Kathryn Saunders (University of Kansas) |
| Abstract: Reviews of the experimental punishment literature that discuss stimulus control of punishment commonly conclude that it parallels stimulus control of reinforced behaviors. In a recent study O’Donnell et al (2000, JEAB) described difficulties generating antecedent stimulus control of punishment in human subjects. In the presence of the stimulus signaling punishment, response suppression was readily obtained, but only after delivery of the first punisher. Stimulus control was obtained only under special procedures including delayed delivery of the aversive stimuli, and instructions about the delay procedures. Subsequent generalization gradients were similar to those reported with non-human subjects. The difficulty in producing antecedent stimulus control and the necessity of using special procedures are at variance with reports in the animal literature. Thus, this appeared to be another instance of differences in human and animal subjects. We re-examined the literature on stimulus control of punishment to search for procedural factors that may account for the discrepant results. Procedural characteristics are presented in a table along with whether or not they are associated with successful demonstrations of discriminated punishment. Using the criterion for antecedent control applied to our human data revealed that only a limited number of studies demonstrated unequivocal antecedent stimulus control of punishment using free-operant procedures. A common finding was that suppression followed presentation of a punisher rather than the onset of the antecedent stimulus – as with our human subjects. Thus, it appears that the results of the human studies are consistent with many animal studies. Difficulty in producing stimulus control of punishment raises several conceptual issues about the process of punishment. |
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| 14. Reformative Self-Control and Discounting of Reward Value by Delay or Effort |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| HIROKO SUGIWAKA (Nara University of Education), Hiroto Okouchi (Osaka Kyoiku University) |
| Abstract: Relations between reformative self-control and discounting of reward value by delay or effort were examined. Thirty-two Japanese undergraduates were selected on the basis of their scores on a standardized pencil and paper test of self-control, the Redressive- Reformative Self-Control Scale (Sugiwaka, 1995). The subjects indicated their preference (a) between a hypothetical 100,000 yen reward available with various delays and a certain reward of variable amount available immediately, or (b) between a hypothetical 100,000 yen reward available with various efforts and a certain reward of variable amount available without effort. The discounting of delayed reward value was described well by a hyperbolic function proposed by Mazur (1987). The slopes of the delayed discounting curves were steeper for subjects scored low on the Reformative Self-Control, which is a measure of reformative self-control and a subscale of the Redressive-Reformative Self-Control Scale, than others. The discounting by effort also was described well by the hyperbolic function. The slopes of the effortful discounting curves did not correlate with those of the delayed discounting curves or with scores on the measure of reformative self-control. |
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| 15. The Dynamics of Transitions in Fixed-Ratio Schedules |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| DIANA POSADAS-SÁNCHEZ (Arizona State University), Mark P. Reilly (Arizona State University), Peter Killeen (Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: Bizo and Killeen (1997) developed a model for behavior under ratio schedules of reinforcement that predicts a bitonic response rate function over ratio value. A large number of sessions are required to generate this function. The reliability of the function determined by stability of behavior over changing ratio values has not yet been established. The current study was conducted to analyze and compare the stability of behavior following various ratio value transitions. Four pigeons were repeatedly exposed to four fixed-ratio schedules (5, 20, 50, 100) until behavior was deemed stable, as defined by Killeen's stability criteria (Killeen, 1978). Preliminary data analyses showed that response rates under small and large fixed-ratio values were unstable compared with intermediate fixed-ratio values. A general model will be advanced to describe the dynamics of transitions. |
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| 16. Training Discrimination, Reflexivity, Mixed Identity Matching, Generalized Identity Matching, and Arbitrary Matching in Infants: Towards the "Emergence" of Stimulus |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| JANET LUBIAN (Florida International University), Martha Pelaez (Florida International University), William J. McIlvane (E.K. Shriver Center), William V. Dube (E.K. Shriver Center) |
| Abstract: Using innovative computer technology and methods these are the first of a series of experiments ultimately seeking to: (1) demonstrate the behavioral prerequisites for stimulus equivalence, exclusion, and contingency classes in the infant population; (2) examine the possibility that stimulus equivalence-class formation may be demonstrable in infants with minimum expressive language skills. The major objective of this program of research is to search for the formation of stimulus equivalence and its precursors in infants who are just developing or have not yet developed language. No one as yet has tried to meet the logistical and methodological challenges of conducting such research with a fairly large infant cohort. We have initiated such studies, using three groups of 10 infants each aged 15-16 mos, 12-13 mos., and 9-10 mos, respectively. The procedures of the first experiment will be reported and include: (1) using a variable rather than fixed sample location during discrimination training; (2) using 10 stimuli; (3) overstraining prerequisite baseline Matching-to-Sample (MTS) relations; (4) use of auditory-visual computer provided reinforcement contingencies, and (5) systematic, computer- presented, stimuli presentations, that permit the implementation of stimulus control shaping techniques. Training and testing required the use of a touchscreen monitor and a laptop computer with a special software program, designed to meet the specific needs of infants. The procedure consisted of a systematic process, starting from the training of touching the screen response, then discrimination, reflexivity (identity matching ), mixed identity matching, generalized identity matching, and arbitrary matching. Visual display of the data will be presented. |
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| #65 Poster Session - EDC |
| Thursday, November 29, 2001 |
| 5:00 PM–6:30 PM |
| Truss Pavilion |
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| 1. Delaying and Promoting Early Development: Teaching Parents Early Intervention Techniques |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| ANA CRISTINA BARROS DA CUNHA (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Ana Paula Cruz (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Daniel Arantes (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Daniela Martins (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Helena Carvalho (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Renata Martins (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) |
| Abstract: In the field of the promoting and the prevention of child development, the early intervention has been proving effectiveness in the improvement of the development so much of the normal child as of the exceptional children. This study has a principal purpose to present a model of training parents to use techniques to stimulate your babies and, consequently, to prevent future behavior problems. In a university daycare center, the study occurred with a group of babies (7 to 10 months old) and their parents (mother or father). In the first time, the parents were contacted to do an interview for investigate about the child's development (mental and physics health) and the psycho- social aspects of babies' families. After this step, babies were evaluated b Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales of Cognitive Development. In the second time, after first interview and investigated environment stimulation by Home inventory, the parent and the baby in their homes in three situations: bath situation, play situation and feed situation. In the third time, the parent receives information about early development and information about clues to stimulate your baby in different areas of human behavior: cognitive, motor, linguistic, sensorial, social and emotional. In the last time, it was observed parents and their babies in their homes in that three situations to know if parents was using information about clues to stimulated your baby. Data collection showed that the model of training of parents to stimulated your babies have a efficacy to promote development because parents showed better performance in their interactions with your baby than before training model. Because of this results, the model of parents training how early interventionists is a best tool to prevent and promote early development for normal and exceptional children. |
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| 2. Effect of Multimedia Learning Materials: Improving Care Work for the Elderly |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| NAOHIRO KANEKO (Shiraume Gakuen College), Sachiyo Nakayama (Shiraume Gakuen College), Ryosuke Takino (Shiraume Gakuen College), Hisayuki Kurasawa (Shiraume Gakuen College), Keiko Otsuki (Keio Junior College of Nursing) |
| Abstract: The use of interactive multimedia materials in education is accelerating. The aim of the study is how to design multimedia materials for the training on the care worker. It is important to develop a clear understanding of how these media work in the learning of behavioral technique. The multimedia learning materials contains photo, graphics, animation, digital video movie, sound and text. The structure of the learning set has been designed multi-line stories with several multimedia text. Subjects are required to learn practical technique by learning set without instruction. The study was performed by recording learner behavior working on the learning set. Effects of the interactive multimedia learning materials were evaluated by practical test of care work. Learners made stable transitions within the same stories were demonstrated substantial improvements in the practical test. Learners made frequent transitions between stories were demonstrated unsubstantial improvements in the practical test. Results showed the effectiveness of the structure to made stable transition within the same stories. |
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| 3. Enhancing Generalization of Functional Linguistic Skills in a Retarded Child: A Home-Based Matrix Training |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| MASSIMO INGRASSIA (Siena University), Loredana Benedetto (Siena University) |
| Abstract: The matrix training strategy [Striefel, S. B., Wetherby, B., & Karln, G. R. (1976). Establishing generalized verb-noun instruction-following skills in retarded children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 22, 247-260.] is a useful approach to promote the generalization of the language intervention outcomes. The feature of this method is that it enhances the generalization of untrained combinations of referential stimuli: a subject who learns functional responses in expressive or receptive trainings can exhibit the same response to novel combinations of stimuli, even if he or she has received the training only on some instances of them. Striefel et al. (1976) demonstrated that the recombinative generalization is better when the combination of stimulus classes follows this rule: a member of the first class (row, e.g., noun N) with two stimuli of the second class (column, e.g., adjective A), N1+A1, N1+A2, N2+A2, ..., Nn+An.This study is an application of Striefel's matrix training to teach combinations of verbal responses to a Down subject (11 years old). A single subject design was used. Parents were instructed to train matrix combination to their child at home. Verbal stimuli had a functional value for the subject. The results was analysed by C test and are discussed from an ecological validity point of view. |
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| 4. Fixed Interval Responding by Students on a Web Discussion |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| GARY D. NOVAK (California State University, Stanislaus) |
| Abstract: Web-based discussions are increasingly popular in college classes. When the discussion is tied to a weekly class meeting, it provides the conditions for a fixed interval contingency. In addition, the format of the web-based discussion provides an easy archival method for collecting the data.
The poster will show a graph of student posting of questions and answers from two sections of a graduate class in developmental psychology. Both clearly show the effects of the fixed interval schedule. In the second class, changes in the responding were accomplished by instituting changes in posting deadlines. |
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| 5. Procrastination: Description of Behaviors of Students and Passersby from a Brazilian City |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| SONIA R. FIORIM ENUMO (Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil), Rachel Rodrigues Kerbauy (University of Sao Paulo, Brazil) |
| Abstract: The procrastination of tasks or decision occurs frequently among Brazilian people, but few studies concerning this matter have been made. In order to characterize procrastination concept and behavior in the city of Vitória/ES/Brazil, questionnaires, containing questions about procrastination concept and behavior and its consequences, were applied in 50 passersby and 22 psychology students. As an objective measure, the passersby received a stamped addressed envelope, containing a test with three possible answers, which should be sent back within 15 days. The results show that most people procrastinate. It is a time-based concept - do it later, delay the beginning of some tasks such as home routines, school homework, go to the doctor of dentist. While some people feel guilty and irritated when they procrastinate, others tell that they feel nothing or, depending on the task, they feel a sense of relief. Laziness or unpleasant tasks are mentioned as an attempt to explain their behavior. 54% of the envelopes were sent back. The differences found in the samples demonstrate that obtaining specific data is important to the proposal for educational or clinic intervention procedures. |
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| 6. The Conception of the Professor About Their Practice Teach |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| EDGARDO RUIZ CARRILLO (National University of Mexico), Ana Luisa Gonzalez-Celis Rangel (National University of Mexico) |
| Abstract: The purpose of this work is to know the concept of the teachers of their educational practice. It is important to know the attitudes and knowledge that are behind these practices, where the teacher appears committed or foreign with their educational occupation. The concepts were extracted from the theoretical framework: the tolerance, participation, communication, academic environment, social relationships, motivation, power relationships, identification, creativity, knowledge and the learning as describers of the conception that the teacher makes about their academic practice. The methodology designed the problem, the environment of trust, the groups of discussion and the context. The compilation of the data analysis strategies and the interpretation strategies were selected. The way in which the data were collected was through groups of discussion of axis thematics, from where the theoretical concepts were applied and the use of a video camera, with the participant’s permission. In the analysis of the data it was intended to understand what the University Biology Professor (Physique and Chemistry) (n=41) of University were referring about their practice, based on the data, building topics, concepts and propositions, ending with the codification of the same, within a process of triangulation. The professors were codified as of their speech in "intermediate" and "radical". The forty percent of the teachers (intermediate) tended to conceive to the pupil as individual in their practice, from the commitment, comprehension, participation, recognition, respect, tolerance and the relationships that establishes with him, in the process of the learning, if this arrangement is updated, actually would be expressed in the conscious professionals with created interest about the profession, achieving the efficiency and the self-determination in their practice. |
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| 7. What is Wrong with the English Education System in Japan? |
| Area: EDC; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| YOSHINORI HASEGAWA (Okayama University Tsushima) |
| Abstract: Many Japanese can read English pretty well, their speaking and writing abilities are poor in comparison. One of the most important barriers to effective English teaching is the written emphasis of textbooks and university entrance examinations. That is, the school education system in Japan is designed to promote accuracies of grammatical judgment and translation skill, preparing students to pass these exams with written test measure. From the standpoint of behavior analysis, overemphasizing grammatical accuracy may have punishing effects on operant responses such as spontaneous speaking and writing. With empirical analysis, I shall argue that Japanese should not hesitate to speak "Japenglish," a Japanese variety of English . Differential reinforcement and punishment of communicative skills should be taken after enough preparation. |
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| #66 Poster Session - OTH (PRA) |
| Thursday, November 29, 2001 |
| 5:00 PM–6:30 PM |
| Truss Pavilion |
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| 1. A Functional Analysis of Child Adoption in Brazil |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| LIDIA WEBER (Federal University of Parana, Brazil) |
| Abstract: Today, the Brazilian government maintains no official statistics about abandonment and adoption, but researchers estimate there are about one million children institutionalized in Brazil. Despite this fact, these children and the people wanting to adopt them must endure a lengthy and arduous process. Typically, it takes 3 years to successfully adopt a child. But if there are hundreds of people wanting to adopt children and thousands of children available for adoption, why is it so hard to get these two segments of the population together? One of the difficulties is cultural stereotyping. The degree of racial prejudice with regard to the adoption of children is still very high. Pressured by social factors, the adoptive families themselves Frequently end up reproducing such prejudices. A study involving 311 adoptive families showed that: 71% had adopted new born babies; 75% were Caucasian families and Caucasian babies; 48% were black- market adoptions in order to avoid legal restrictions 98% had adopted healthy children; 65% had adopted because of infertility; 34% had affirmed that had done an adoption by altruism. The majority of the mulatto, black and older children are still adopted internationally or remain in institutions in spite of the basic right of living within a family. |
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| 2. Acquiring Taxonomic Relations: The Role of Slot Filler Pattern |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| SILVIA PERINI (Universita di Parma), Maria Pinelli (Universita di Parma), Dolores Rollo (Universita di Parma) |
| Abstract: The present paper analyses the slot-filler's function in the categorization process and especially its role of conceptual precursor. 3-and-5-years-old subjects were compared. Two slot-filler lists -functional/paradigmatic/replaceable/alternate and coordinate/sintagmatic/complementary/contiguous- were used, after three training's sessions. Both lists were presented in two different modalities: induction (scripted and categorical instructions) and non-induction (attentional and incidental instructions). The results show no substantial differences between the two lists in the first rehearsal, but differences in the delayed rehearsal after the training. |
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| 3. Constant Versus Escalation Response Rates of Killing in Serial Murderers |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| LISA A. OSBORNE (University College London) |
| Abstract: A common approach to exploring the killing behaviour of serial murderers is to concentrate on their modus operandi, victim selection, assumed motivation, and personalities. However, the approach taken by the research reported here is to analyse the 'response rates' of the killing behaviour emitted by serial murderers. A selection of case studies from English and Welsh serial murderers, active during the last two hundred years (1800-2000), is used to illustrate the various patterns of murders across time (i.e. response rates) produced by different serial murderers. From this selection, it is hoped to investigate the various possible patterns of murder rates that may emerge. In particular, two patterns in the rates of killing behaviour may be apparent: a constant rate of murder across time; and an escalating rate of murder across time. These distinct behavioural patterns can then be related to other known aspects of the individuals' backgrounds, assumed motivation and/or reinforcement, opportunities, etc. It may well be the case that the different patterns of murder rates will be related to quite different background factors of the murders. In this way, it is hoped to secure an understanding of serial murder more firmly in behavioural data and monitoring methods. |
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| 4. Effects of a Behavioral Intervention Program To Improve The Quality Of Life In Older Adults |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| ANA LUISA GONZALEZ-CELIS RANGEL (National University of Mexico), Juan Jose Sanchez Sosa (National University of Mexico) |
| Abstract: Quality of life has emerged as a determinant dependent variable to evaluate clinical significance (Kendall, 1999). A goal with older adults is to improve quality of life especially that related to psychological functioning. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects on an intervention program designed to improve the quality of life of elderly persons. Two experimental groups and two in a waiting list (N=40) participated through a pretest-posttest design. The program contained five components: Self-care; Social abilities, Assertiveness/Problem Solving, Strengthening of Self-efficacy; and Social support. All training was behavioral in nature. Each component consisted of five simulated situations. Participants' behavior was coded in categories and data collected by two independent observers. Data collection included five additional measures: subjective well being (Lawton's PGC), quality of life (WhoQol-Brief), depression (Yesavage's GDS), cognitive function (Ostrosky's Neuropsi), and self- efficacy (Gonzalez-Celis & Sanchez-Sosa).
The instruments showed solid psychometric properties (Alpha 0.55). Results revealed both applied and statistically (p<0.05) pre-posttest significant differences. Differences occurred for all four groups for the behavioral categories and for subjective well being, quality of life and self-efficacy. Results also revealed significant associations (p<0.01) among the five measures. |
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| 5. Performance Improvement of a Graduate College: Behavioral Systems Management Comes to Help |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| GUILLERMO E. YABER OLTRA (Universidad Simon Bolivar) |
| Abstract: A behavioral system management approach was used to design, develop and improve the performance of a graduate college in a university setting using the "total performance system". Core, support and management processes are analyzed and described. Likewise a behavior supervisory system was applied to modify the effectiveness of the "support" processes. Productivity and satisfaction improved with the behavioral intervention. A behavior system management approach may be used to improve the work and unit performance of colleges in university settings. |
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| 6. Teaching Behavior Analysis: Giving Experimental Behavior Analysis Relevance and Applied Behavior Analysis Conceptual Bases |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| RONALD G. WEISMAN (Queens University) |
| Abstract: This poster examines the author's approach to combining experimental and applied findings in courses on behavior analysis. The approach tries to make experimental analysis more exciting and to provide more of a conceptual base for Applied analysis. The use of a modified and tractable Keller plan for evaluating student progress is also discussed. The course routinely generates high marks on the final examination and high ratings in student evaluations. |
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| 7. The Social and Cultural Problems to Adapt a Neuropsychological Tests Battery |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| TATIANA IZABELE JAWORSKI DE SA RIECHI (Federal University of Parana) |
| Abstract: The purpose of this research is to adapt and standardize the Luria-Christensen neuropsychological tests battery to children, teenagers and adults Brazilian. this battery is composed of ten tests each one assessing one specific area of the cerebral function system, mapping the different areas and their connections through an exhaustive assessment of the perceptive, cognitive and motor skills. this work started previously adapting the tests(phase 1)when the kind of stimulus chosen visual, verbal and kinesthesical with the final presentation and revision works. some pictures or worlds, for example, are unlike to Brazilian people, and this problem can invalidate the neuropsychological assessment. a prior analysis of the practical results lead to a deeper scientific and statistical approach of the answers we could get from the testes, having choice of analysis, revision criteria (phase 2). The third phase was a repetition an standardization work reaching a more formal state of knowledge and going beyond the prior criterion of excellence. at the end of the research the results will be reliable as neurological assessment and as qualitative mapping of the cerebral areas, adjust to the local reality, with total security of material used. |
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| 8. The Study of Moral Behaviour in Russian Business Sphere |
| Area: PRA; Domain: Applied Behavior Analysis |
| ALLA KUPREITCHENKO (BORISOVNA) |
| Abstract: This paper was voted to the study of the moral behaviour in business sphere(150Ss). The scales for measuring personnel’s moral attitudes were constructed. The peculiarities of behaviour of Russian entrepreneurs and managers were reflected in the scales. The determinants of moral behaviour were defined. A relationship between moral attitudes and interpersonal trust was revealed. The scales enabled us to measure the level, flexibility and stability of moral attitudes over time. The differences were also revealed in acceptability of offense moral norms in managers and entrepreneurs. |
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